FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy is a versatile technique used for the characterization of various types of samples. Whether your sample is solid, liquid, or gas, FTIR can provide valuable insights. The type of sample used for FTIR analysis depends on its physical state and properties, as well as the specific measurement method chosen.
What Kind of Samples is Used for FTIR? (3 Main Types Explained)
1. Solid Samples
Solid samples are commonly analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy. There are several methods to prepare and analyze solid samples.
Powder Samples
Powder samples can be prepared using classical methods such as the KBr pellet method and the Nujol method.
- KBr Pellet Method: In this method, the sample is mixed with potassium bromide (KBr) and compressed using a hydraulic press to form a solid pellet.
- Nujol Method: This involves mixing the finely crushed sample with Nujol, a mulling agent, to make a thick paste. The paste is then applied onto salt plates.
With advancements in FTIR technology, the diffuse reflection method and attenuated total reflection (ATR) have become widely used for direct measurement of powder samples.
Solid Samples in Solution
Solid samples can also be dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent that does not interact chemically with the sample and is not absorbed in the IR range. A drop of the solution is placed on an alkali metal disc, and the solvent is evaporated, leaving a thin film of the solute for analysis.
2. Liquid Samples
Liquid samples can be analyzed using various techniques.
- Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Method: This method is commonly used for liquid samples.
- Salt Plates: A thin film of the liquid is placed between salt plates for analysis.
3. Gas Samples
Gas samples are typically analyzed using a gas cell where the gas is contained and exposed to the IR radiation.
Each of these methods requires specific sample preparation techniques and equipment, such as hydraulic presses for pellet formation, pellet dies, high-temperature film makers, and various types of reflectance accessories. The choice of method depends on the nature of the sample and the information required from the FTIR analysis.
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